An ICE Firearms Trainer Was Involved in At Least 4 Deadly Shootings
An ICE Firearms Trainer Was Involved in At Least 4 Deadly Shootings
一名美国移民及海关执法局（ICE）的枪械教官曾卷入至少4起致命枪击案
The owner of a company that trained paramilitary Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents testified that he was involved in at least four lethal shootings, according to a 2021 deposition related to a lawsuit reviewed by WIRED. 根据《连线》（WIRED）查阅的一份与诉讼相关的2021年证词显示，一家为美国移民及海关执法局（ICE）准军事特工提供培训的公司的所有者作证称，他曾卷入至少四起致命枪击事件。
David S. Norman, the founder and proprietor of law enforcement training firm TruKinetics LLC, served as a Phoenix Police officer from the late 1990s until his retirement in 2020. Prior to founding TruKinetics the same year, according to records reviewed by WIRED, Norman was involved in six shootings while on duty that left four people dead and two more wounded. In every instance, the Phoenix Police Department said Norman fired on an armed suspect and exchanged volleys of gunfire in at least two of the shootings. 执法培训公司 TruKinetics LLC 的创始人兼所有者大卫·S·诺曼（David S. Norman）从 20 世纪 90 年代末一直担任凤凰城警察，直到 2020 年退休。据《连线》查阅的记录显示，在同年创立 TruKinetics 之前，诺曼在执勤期间曾卷入六起枪击事件，造成四人死亡、两人受伤。凤凰城警察局称，在每一起案件中，诺曼都是向武装嫌疑人开火，其中至少有两起事件中双方发生了交火。
Based in Gilbert, Arizona, TruKinetics offers training on small-team tactics, hostage rescues, close-quarters combat, building searches, night-vision firearms proficiency, pistol and rifle courses, “vehicle interdiction,” breaching with explosives, and sniper tactics, according to the company’s website. 据该公司网站介绍，TruKinetics 总部位于亚利桑那州吉尔伯特，提供小队战术、人质营救、近距离作战、建筑物搜查、夜视枪械熟练度、手枪和步枪课程、“车辆拦截”、爆炸物破门以及狙击战术等培训。
TruKinetics received $27,748 for a year-long contract to run a mandatory 40-hour training course that certain members of Department of Homeland Security Special Response Teams receive annually at Fort Benning in Georgia, according to government procurement records reviewed by WIRED. At least 700 SRT agents from the Customs and Border Protection’s Office of Field Operations, ICE’s Homeland Security Investigations division, and ICE’s Enforcement and Removal Office units pass through Fort Benning for annual training. 根据《连线》查阅的政府采购记录，TruKinetics 获得了一份为期一年的合同，金额为 27,748 美元，用于开展一项强制性的 40 小时培训课程。国土安全部特别反应小组（SRT）的某些成员每年都会在佐治亚州的本宁堡（Fort Benning）接受该培训。来自海关及边境保卫局（CBP）现场行动办公室、ICE 国土安全调查部门以及 ICE 执法与驱逐行动办公室的至少 700 名 SRT 特工会前往本宁堡参加年度培训。
In an interview with WIRED, Norman says that his company conducted sessions with the Special Response Team from Arizona’s Homeland Security Investigations office. “They’re top dudes, and it was an honor to work with them,” he tells WIRED. Norman maintains that his courses, which took place in Arizona and Georgia’s Fort Benning, did not involve crowd control tactics or active shooters, but would not specify further. “It sounds like you’re one of those dudes who’s doing a hit piece on HSI,” he says. 在接受《连线》采访时，诺曼表示他的公司曾为亚利桑那州国土安全调查办公室的特别反应小组进行过培训。“他们是顶尖的人才，能与他们合作是我的荣幸，”他告诉《连线》。诺曼坚称，他在亚利桑那州和佐治亚州本宁堡开展的课程不涉及人群控制战术或活跃枪手演练，但他拒绝透露更多细节。“听起来你就像那种专门写文章抹黑国土安全调查局（HSI）的人，”他说。
TruKinetics posted two photos to Instagram in August 2024 of Norman and three TruKinetics trainers alongside 19 uniformed operators from HSI’s Arizona Special Response Team, posing in a “kill house” training course—a set of rooms and hallways filled with obstacles and targets designed to simulate close-quarters combat. 2024 年 8 月，TruKinetics 在 Instagram 上发布了两张照片，照片中诺曼和三名 TruKinetics 教官与来自 HSI 亚利桑那州特别反应小组的 19 名身着制服的行动人员合影。他们身处一个“杀戮屋”（kill house）训练场——这是一个布满障碍物和目标的房间与走廊组合，旨在模拟近距离作战环境。
Customs and Border Protection did not respond to WIRED’s questions about how many SRT teams and operators went through the Gilbert, Arizona, company’s training course. 海关及边境保卫局没有回应《连线》关于有多少 SRT 小队和行动人员参加了这家位于亚利桑那州吉尔伯特公司的培训课程的提问。
In a 2021 law enforcement podcast, The Modern Cop, Norman describes himself as “a fucking savage” who sought out high-risk experiences and shootings as a cop. “I wanted these experiences. I was super aggressive,” Norman said. He also appeared to joke about police shootings, telling the host that “you kind of hope it’s on your Friday, so you can actually have days off.” 在 2021 年的一档执法播客《现代警察》（The Modern Cop）中，诺曼形容自己是一个“该死的野蛮人”，作为警察时他会主动寻求高风险的经历和枪击事件。“我渴望这些经历。我非常有侵略性，”诺曼说。他还似乎拿警察枪击事件开玩笑，告诉主持人说：“你甚至会希望它发生在周五，这样你就能真正休假了。”
Once reserved for armed or high-risk suspects, manhunts, and potentially dangerous building entries, the SRTs are now being used for civil immigration enforcement, crowd control, and basic warrant service, operations that the unit was once restricted from performing. Both Renee Good and Alex Pretti were killed while protesting the militarized federal immigration surges in Minnesota, with SRT members implicated in both of their deaths. While recent debate over Homeland Security’s violent immigration sweeps have focused on whether agents receive adequate training, the background of SRT’s training contractor raises questions about who is training ICE’s and CBP’s paramilitary units, and what they are being trained to do. SRT 曾经仅用于应对武装或高风险嫌疑人、搜捕行动以及潜在危险的建筑物进入，但现在却被用于民事移民执法、人群控制和基本的搜查令执行——这些行动曾经是该单位被禁止执行的。蕾妮·古德（Renee Good）和亚历克斯·普雷蒂（Alex Pretti）在明尼苏达州抗议联邦军事化移民突击行动时被杀，SRT 成员被指与这两起死亡事件有关。虽然近期关于国土安全部暴力移民搜捕行动的辩论集中在特工是否接受了充分培训上，但 SRT 培训承包商的背景引发了人们的质疑：究竟是谁在培训 ICE 和 CBP 的准军事单位，以及他们被培训去执行什么任务。
For a dozen years of Norman’s two decades as a Phoenix cop, he served on the agency’s Special Assignments Unit, a plainclothes fugitive apprehension team that Norman repeatedly characterized in a 2021 deposition from a lawsuit filed the previous year as having morphed into what was considered a “SWAT” (special weapons and tactics) team. On those units, he worked as a “point cover” man and at times doubled up as a trainer on pistol usage for units within Phoenix PD, according to his deposition and Phoenix Police documents reviewed by WIRED. 在诺曼担任凤凰城警察的二十年里，有十二年是在该局的特别任务小组（Special Assignments Unit）服役。这是一个便衣逃犯抓捕小组，诺曼在 2021 年针对前一年提起的诉讼所作的证词中，多次将其描述为已经演变成所谓的“特警队”（SWAT）。根据他的证词和《连线》查阅的凤凰城警察局文件，在这些单位中，他担任“前点掩护”人员，有时还兼任凤凰城警察局内部单位的手枪使用教官。
In addition to TruKinetics, Norman has worked as an “independent contractor for the Department of Defense” and provided training under a nondisclosure agreement, according to his deposition. 根据他的证词，除了 TruKinetics，诺曼还曾担任“国防部独立承包商”，并在保密协议下提供培训。
Norman’s supervisors consistently gave him solid ratings and he received numerous department commendations. The four fatal shootings he was involved in were deemed in policy by both the local district attorney and Phoenix PD. However, in the 2021 deposition, Norman testified that he was formally reprimanded for a number of incidents, including an admonishment around 2005 after an “inappropriate photo” was taken of him in uniform along with a number of unidentified women. Records show that he also was involved in a pursuit while in an unmarked vehicle in 2013, then a violation of Phoenix Police policy. In his deposition, Norman said that “a written reprimand is not that big a deal.” 诺曼的上司一直给他很高的评价，他也获得了无数部门嘉奖。他卷入的四起致命枪击事件都被当地地方检察官和凤凰城警察局认定为符合政策。然而，在 2021 年的证词中，诺曼承认他曾因多起事件受到正式训斥，包括 2005 年左右因一张他身穿制服与多名身份不明女性拍摄的“不当照片”而受到警告。记录显示，他还在 2013 年驾驶无标志车辆参与了一场追捕行动，这违反了凤凰城警察局的政策。在证词中，诺曼表示“书面训斥并不是什么大不了的事”。
In 2018, Phoenix PD was the deadliest in the country, with 23 individuals killed in 44 police shooting incidents. That rate also led US law enforcement agencies, according to The Washington Post’s “Fatal Force” database. That year, Norman shot two people, one fatally. A number of other officers assigned to the same plainclothes unit as Norman were also involved in multiple shooting incidents, per the Arizona Republic’s reporting on Phoenix PD shootings. 2018 年，凤凰城警察局是全美致死率最高的警察局，在 44 起警察枪击事件中造成 23 人死亡。根据《华盛顿邮报》的“致命武力”（Fatal Force）数据库，这一比率在全美执法机构中位居首位。那一年，诺曼枪击了两人，其中一人死亡。据《亚利桑那共和报》关于凤凰城警察局枪击事件的报道，与诺曼同属一个便衣小组的其他几名警官也卷入了多起枪击事件。
In 2020, Norman and officer Kristopher Bertz were sued by the family of Jacob Harris, a robbery suspect who was killed in 2019 while driving away from what police say was an attempted restaurant holdup. The plainclothes unit Norman and Bertz were part of had placed Harris and his friends under surveillance for what the police believed were a series of similar suspected robberies. The officers opened fire on Harris as he fled from… 2020 年，诺曼和警官克里斯托弗·伯茨（Kristopher Bertz）被雅各布·哈里斯（Jacob Harris）的家人起诉。哈里斯是一名抢劫嫌疑人，于 2019 年在驾车逃离警方所称的一起餐厅抢劫未遂案时被杀。诺曼和伯茨所在的便衣小组此前一直在监视哈里斯及其朋友，因为警方认为他们涉嫌参与了一系列类似的抢劫案。当哈里斯逃跑时，警官们向他开火……