So Long, ‘Ferrynoia.’ Green Maritime Technology Is Here

再见，“渡轮恐惧症”：绿色海事技术时代已来

The Harbor Charger, New York state’s first hybrid-electric public ferry, is gearing up for its first full summer transporting passengers between the city’s South Ferry terminal and Governors Island, the 172-acre oasis across New York Harbor from Lower Manhattan. A draw for New Yorkers and tourists alike, Governors Island hosts outdoor concerts and art installations on its sprawling green spaces.

“Harbor Charger”号是纽约州首艘混合动力公共渡轮，目前正准备迎接其首个完整的夏季运营，负责在纽约市南渡轮码头（South Ferry terminal）与总督岛（Governors Island）之间运送乘客。总督岛位于纽约港，与曼哈顿下城隔水相望，占地172英亩，是一片城市绿洲。作为纽约市民和游客的热门目的地，总督岛常在其广阔的绿地上举办户外音乐会和艺术装置展。

“A lot of what we do on the island is focused on public recreation, exploring the outdoors and public art,” says Clare Newman, president and CEO of the Trust for Governors Island. “The Harbor Charger reflects all three of those pillars, with the idea being that the boat ride itself is part of your Governors Island experience.”

“我们在岛上所做的大部分工作都聚焦于公共娱乐、户外探索和公共艺术，”总督岛信托基金（Trust for Governors Island）总裁兼首席执行官克莱尔·纽曼（Clare Newman）表示，“‘Harbor Charger’号体现了这三大支柱，我们的理念是让乘船之旅本身就成为总督岛体验的一部分。”

The $33 million ferry was designed by Seattle-based Elliott Bay Design Group and built at the Conrad Shipyard in Morgan City, Louisiana. It’s 66 percent faster than the outgoing ferry—the nearly 70-year-old Lt. Samuel S. Coursen that consumed roughly 420 gallons of fuel daily—and can make the one-way trip in 10 minutes. It’s expected to cut carbon dioxide emissions by at least 600 tons annually.

这艘造价3300万美元的渡轮由总部位于西雅图的Elliott Bay设计集团设计，并在路易斯安那州摩根城的康拉德造船厂（Conrad Shipyard）建造。它比即将退役的“Lt. Samuel S. Coursen”号快66%。那艘服役近70年的老船每天消耗约420加仑燃料，而新船单程仅需10分钟，预计每年可减少至少600吨二氧化碳排放。

The Harbor Charger can carry 1,200 passengers and 30 vehicles using 22 lithium-ion battery packs from Siemens Energy alongside backup diesel generators. The goal was to create a showcase for best-in-class technology, says Newman, who has already fielded requests from other cities interested in electrifying their public watercraft.

“Harbor Charger”号可搭载1200名乘客和30辆汽车，配备了西门子能源（Siemens Energy）提供的22组锂离子电池包，并辅以备用柴油发电机。纽曼表示，其目标是打造一个顶尖技术的展示窗口；目前，她已经收到了其他城市关于如何实现公共船只电动化的咨询。

Historically, maritime transport has been one of the hardest sectors to decarbonize, due to the physics of moving heavy hulls through dense waterways. In addition to training the crew on swapping a traditional ship wheel for a digital video-game-like console, ferry operators must learn how to maintain, fix, and charge the vessels. Then there’s “ferrynoia,” the fear some island residents have that a software glitch or a faulty battery cell could halt the transportation they rely on for medical care, groceries, and school commutes.

从历史上看，海运业是最难实现脱碳的行业之一，因为在稠密的水道中推动沉重的船体涉及复杂的物理学问题。除了培训船员将传统的船舵换成类似电子游戏机的数字控制台外，渡轮运营商还必须学习如何维护、修理和为船只充电。此外还有“渡轮恐惧症”（ferrynoia）——一些岛民担心软件故障或电池单元损坏可能会中断他们赖以进行医疗、购物和上学的交通工具。

Hybrid-electric ferries are faster, quieter, and less expensive to maintain due to their simpler drivetrains. The Harbor Charger can operate on battery power for up to 90 minutes before switching to hybrid mode, yielding an estimated $200,000 annual fuel savings, a modest beginning before infrastructure upgrades can be made. Once dockside rapid-charging stations are installed, the ferry will stop using diesel entirely, saving another 800 tons of carbon dioxide per year.

混合动力渡轮因其更简单的动力传动系统，速度更快、噪音更小且维护成本更低。“Harbor Charger”号在切换到混合动力模式前，可依靠电池动力运行长达90分钟，预计每年可节省20万美元的燃料费用。这只是基础设施升级前的一个初步成果，一旦安装了码头快速充电站，该渡轮将完全停止使用柴油，每年可再减少800吨二氧化碳排放。

Across the country, San Francisco Bay Ferry is preparing to launch the first high-speed, fully battery-electric passenger ferry in the US, powered with specialized electric charging floats at certain terminals that will draw power from the city grid.

在全美范围内，旧金山湾渡轮（San Francisco Bay Ferry）正准备推出美国首艘高速全电池电动客运渡轮。该渡轮将由特定码头的专用电动充电浮台供电，这些浮台直接从城市电网获取电力。

San Francisco’s first electric vessel, the 150-passenger ship is expected to begin service in early 2027 and will make an eight-minute trip from the city’s Ferry Building downtown to Treasure Island, a secluded, 400-acre parcel that the city hopes to reimagine as a destination for festivals, biking, and windsurfing.

作为旧金山的首艘电动船，这艘可容纳150名乘客的渡轮预计将于2027年初投入使用。它将往返于市中心的渡轮大厦（Ferry Building）与金银岛（Treasure Island）之间，单程仅需8分钟。金银岛是一块占地400英亩的隐秘区域，市政府希望将其重塑为节日庆典、骑行和帆板运动的目的地。

“The island has historically hosted festivals, but it’s been hard to get on and off the island,” says Thomas Hall, San Francisco Bay Ferry’s director of operations and customer experience. “We’ll have lounge-style seating, bike storage, and outdoor viewing areas” on the ferry.

“该岛历史上曾举办过各种节日活动，但往返该岛一直很不方便，”旧金山湾渡轮运营与客户体验总监托马斯·霍尔（Thomas Hall）说，“我们的渡轮将配备休息室风格的座位、自行车存放处和户外观景区。”

Backed by a $55 million federal grant, the agency is purchasing a handful of battery-electric catamarans and ferries to connect downtown hubs with emerging waterfront neighborhoods like Mission Bay and Treasure Island. The five boats, all named by public vote, represent the initial phases of the agency’s goal of building a fully zero-emission fleet by 2035.

在5500万美元联邦拨款的支持下，该机构正在采购一批电池电动双体船和渡轮，以连接市中心枢纽与使命湾（Mission Bay）和金银岛等新兴滨水社区。这五艘船均由公众投票命名，代表了该机构到2035年建立全零排放船队目标的初步阶段。

Hall expects a more relaxed experience for commuters and visitors alike, even though the ship designs forego traditional concessions and bars for more seating and storage. “We just didn’t think the faster trips would justify the extra weight and staffing that would be required,” he says. “Instead, you’ll be able to hear the sounds of the water and be able to hold a conversation without shouting.”

霍尔预计，无论是通勤者还是游客，都能获得更轻松的乘船体验，尽管船只设计放弃了传统的特许经营店和酒吧，转而提供更多的座位和储物空间。“我们认为，航程缩短后，没必要为了这些设施而增加额外的重量和人员配置，”他说，“相反，你将能够听到水声，并且无需大声喊叫就能进行交谈。”

The Harbor Charger’s hybrid-electric system and San Francisco’s battery-powered catamarans are just a couple ways for watercraft to go electric. Cities around the world are using hydrogen fuel cells, wind power, and hydrofoil boats to move commuters, tourists, and residents across their waterways.

“Harbor Charger”号的混合动力系统和旧金山的电池驱动双体船只是水上交通工具实现电动化的几种方式。世界各地的城市正在利用氢燃料电池、风能和水翼船，将通勤者、游客和居民运送到各自的水道彼岸。

Denmark’s e-ferry Ellen holds the world record for the longest distance sailed by an electric passenger ferry on a single battery charge. The boat can travel 22 nautical miles between the islands of Ærø and Als in southern Denmark, saving an estimated 2,250 tons of carbon dioxide annually using wind-generated power.

丹麦的“Ellen”号电动渡轮保持着单次充电航行距离最长的电动客运渡轮世界纪录。该船可在丹麦南部的埃罗岛（Ærø）和阿尔斯岛（Als）之间航行22海里，利用风力发电，每年估计可减少2250吨二氧化碳排放。

Stockholm’s ferries bypass water resistance entirely using hydrofoil technology. The P-12 by Swedish boat manufacturer Candela uses computer-controlled underwater wings to lift its carbon-fiber hull completely out of the water once it exceeds 16 knots, reducing drag and cutting energy consumption by 80 percent. Since it “flies” above the water rather than pushing through, the P-12 can travel faster than a traditional vessel and potentially operate in no-wake zones.

斯德哥尔摩的渡轮利用水翼技术完全避开了水的阻力。瑞典船艇制造商Candela生产的P-12型船，利用计算机控制的水下机翼，在航速超过16节时将碳纤维船体完全抬离水面，从而减少阻力并降低80%的能耗。由于它是“飞”在水面上而不是破浪前行，P-12的航行速度比传统船只更快，且有可能在无浪区（no-wake zones）运行。

Candela has tested its hydrofoil technology in Washington, DC, where authorities are purportedly considering using it to transport commuters across the Potomac and Anacostia rivers.

Candela已在华盛顿特区测试了其水翼技术，据称当地政府正在考虑利用该技术运送通勤者横跨波托马克河（Potomac River）和阿纳科斯蒂亚河（Anacostia River）。

Eventually, the Trust for Governors Island hopes to fully electrify its ferry, too. “We made a choice to start by doing a hybrid technology boat,” Newman says, “but we felt strongly that we needed to make the investment and build the boat with enough battery storage to go fully electric one day.”

最终，总督岛信托基金也希望将其渡轮完全电动化。“我们选择从混合动力技术船只开始，”纽曼说，“但我们深信，我们需要进行投资并建造一艘具备足够电池容量的船，以便有朝一日实现全面电动化。”