Tracing a powerful GNSS interference source over Europe

追踪欧洲上空强大的全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）干扰源

Electrical Engineering and Systems Science > Signal Processing arXiv:2606.03673 (eess) [Submitted on 2 Jun 2026] 电气工程与系统科学 > 信号处理 arXiv:2606.03673 (eess) [2026年6月2日提交]

Title: Chasing Lightning: Detecting, Characterizing, and Identifying a Powerful Space-Based GNSS Interference Source 标题： 追逐“闪电”：探测、表征并识别强大的天基 GNSS 干扰源

Authors: Zachary L. Clements, Argyris Kriezis, Todd E. Humphreys 作者： Zachary L. Clements, Argyris Kriezis, Todd E. Humphreys

Abstract: This paper analyzes and identifies a space-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference source that has caused scores of powerful transient wide-area interference events over continental Europe, Greenland, and Canada since 2019. 摘要： 本文分析并识别了一个天基全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）干扰源，该干扰源自2019年以来，已在欧洲大陆、格陵兰岛和加拿大上空引发了多次强大的瞬态广域干扰事件。

While terrestrial or near-terrestrial sources are primarily responsible for the recent uptick in GNSS interference worldwide, space-based interferers are of special concern given their potential for vast geographic reach and their portent of a qualitative escalation in GNSS interference. 尽管近期全球 GNSS 干扰的增加主要归因于地面或近地干扰源，但天基干扰源因其巨大的地理覆盖潜力以及预示着 GNSS 干扰可能出现质的升级，而引起了特别关注。

Based on data collected between 2019 and 2026 from a network of terrestrial GNSS reference stations, this paper (1) develops a received-power-based detection framework; (2) details the spatial, temporal, and spectral patterns of wide-area interference events caused by the source; (3) presents and analyzes identification techniques that blend received-power and time-difference-of-arrival measurements; and (4) applies these techniques to confidently identify the GNSS interference source as a constellation of Russian early warning satellites in Molniya (“lightning”) orbits. 基于2019年至2026年间从地面 GNSS 参考站网络收集的数据，本文（1）开发了一种基于接收功率的探测框架；（2）详细描述了该干扰源所引发的广域干扰事件在空间、时间和频谱上的模式；（3）提出并分析了结合接收功率和到达时间差（TDOA）测量的识别技术；（4）应用这些技术，确凿地将该 GNSS 干扰源识别为处于闪电（Molniya）轨道上的俄罗斯预警卫星星座。