The Download: mice with part-human brains and climate tech innovators

每日下载：拥有部分人类大脑的小鼠与气候科技创新者

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology. 这是今日份的《每日下载》，我们这份工作日通讯旨在为您提供每日科技界动态的精选资讯。

Meet a mouse whose brain cortex is made up of human cells

认识一只大脑皮层由人类细胞组成的小鼠

Multiple cameras tracked a mouse as it wandered around a small arena. A computer charted its position and speed, leaving Pong-like traces on a monitor. The reason to watch this rodent so carefully? Nearly half its brain volume had been replaced with human cells. A team at Stanford has revealed the effort to mix brain tissues of distant species this week. They previously showed that human brain organoids could survive, and even function, after being injected into the heads of baby rodents. Now, they’ve taken things a step further by genetically modifying mice so their brains don’t fully develop in the first place. The work could help scientists study brain injuries, but it also raises questions about how far these experiments should go. Here’s what the researchers discovered—and where they draw the line. —Antonio Regalado 多台摄像机追踪着一只在小型竞技场中徘徊的小鼠。计算机记录了它的位置和速度，在显示器上留下了类似《乒乓》游戏（Pong）的轨迹。为什么要如此仔细地观察这只啮齿动物？因为它的脑容量中近一半已被人类细胞取代。斯坦福大学的一个团队本周披露了这项混合远缘物种脑组织的实验。他们此前曾证明，人类脑类器官在被注射到幼鼠头部后能够存活，甚至发挥功能。现在，他们更进一步，通过基因改造使小鼠的大脑在发育初期就无法完全形成。这项工作可能有助于科学家研究脑损伤，但也引发了关于此类实验应进行到何种程度的质疑。以下是研究人员的发现，以及他们划定的界限。——Antonio Regalado

These innovators under 35 are shaping climate tech

这些 35 岁以下的创新者正在重塑气候科技

Each year, the editorial team at MIT Technology Review puts together a list of 35 Innovators Under 35—a group of researchers, inventors, and other young minds worth following. The final slate includes nine people tackling some of the biggest challenges in climate and energy, from critical materials to cleaner industry. Their innovations include new ways to extract lithium, a furnace built to make steel cleaner and cheaper, and solid refrigerants that could cut energy consumption. There are also efforts to make AI more energy-efficient, track pollution more effectively, and turn invasive weeds and food waste into useful materials. Taken together, they tell us something about where climate tech is at this moment—and where it’s heading. Get to know the innovators and their breakthroughs. —Casey Crownhart 每年，《麻省理工科技评论》的编辑团队都会评选出“35 岁以下科技创新 35 人”榜单，这是一群值得关注的研究人员、发明家和其他年轻才俊。最终入选名单中包括九位致力于解决气候与能源领域重大挑战的人士，涵盖从关键材料到清洁工业的各个方面。他们的创新包括提取锂的新方法、旨在使钢铁生产更清洁更廉价的熔炉，以及可以降低能耗的固体冷却剂。此外，还有人致力于提高人工智能的能效、更有效地追踪污染，并将入侵杂草和食物垃圾转化为有用的材料。综合来看，这些创新揭示了气候科技目前的现状及其未来走向。来了解这些创新者及其突破性成果吧。——Casey Crownhart

The must-reads

必读精选

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 我已为您搜罗了互联网上今日最有趣、最重要、最令人担忧及最引人入胜的科技故事。

US and Chinese experts have proposed nuclear-style AI safeguards. Including new red lines, human control rules, and a hotline. 中美专家提出核级别的 AI 安全保障措施。 包括新的红线、人类控制规则和热线电话。
OpenAI has disclosed more AI misbehavior and new reporting rules. Six reports detail models hiding mistakes and creating fake citations. OpenAI 披露了更多 AI 不当行为及新的报告规则。 六份报告详细说明了模型隐藏错误和编造虚假引用的情况。
US lawmakers have passed a bill that shifts grid costs to data centers. They aim to shield consumers from AI-driven energy price hikes. 美国立法者通过了一项将电网成本转嫁给数据中心的法案。 他们旨在保护消费者免受 AI 驱动的能源价格上涨影响。
AI has won a major forecasting contest for the first time. It beat humans predicting real events at the Metaculus Cup. AI 首次赢得重大预测竞赛。 在 Metaculus 杯比赛中，它在预测现实事件方面击败了人类。
Google has been ordered to share more ad data with rivals. A court said it must also make its ad tech work with rival products. 谷歌被勒令与竞争对手共享更多广告数据。 法院裁定其必须使其广告技术与竞争对手的产品兼容。
Countries are splitting AI investments between the US and China. They’re buying American chips and Chinese models. 各国在美中之间分摊 AI 投资。 他们正在购买美国的芯片和中国的模型。
Novo Nordisk will use Anthropic’s Claude for drug research. The Ozempic maker hopes AI will speed drug development. 诺和诺德将使用 Anthropic 的 Claude 进行药物研究。 这家 Ozempic 的制造商希望 AI 能加速药物开发。
AI is powering a new generation of dating scams. Thousands of people were catfished by AI-generated fake profiles. AI 正在助长新一代约会诈骗。 数千人被 AI 生成的虚假个人资料欺骗。
A new map of brain microproteins could hold clues to Alzheimer’s. Researchers identified more than 4,300 tiny molecules in brain tissue. 一张新的大脑微蛋白图谱可能为阿尔茨海默病提供线索。 研究人员在大脑组织中识别出了 4,300 多种微小分子。
Scientists have found a faster way to decipher ancient scrolls. A new X-ray method identifies the best scrolls to analyse. 科学家找到了一种破译古代卷轴的更快方法。 一种新的 X 射线方法可以识别出最适合分析的卷轴。

Quote of the day

今日金句

“AIs do not have rights, feelings, or consciousness. And we must not train them to act as though they do.” “人工智能没有权利、情感或意识。我们绝不能训练它们表现得好像拥有这些东西一样。” —Mustafa Suleyman, the head of Microsoft AI, writes in a blog post that Anthropic’s strategy of treating AI like it’s human will make it harder to control. ——微软 AI 负责人 Mustafa Suleyman 在一篇博文中写道，Anthropic 将 AI 视为人类的策略将使其更难被控制。

One more thing

额外关注

Digital twins of human organs are here. They’re set to transform medical treatment. 人体器官的“数字孪生”时代已经到来。它们将彻底改变医疗方式。

After decades of research, virtual replicas of human organs are now entering clinical trials and even starting to be used for patient care. Engineers are working on digital twins of people’s hearts, brains, guts, livers, nervous systems, and more. They’re also creating virtual replicas of people’s faces, which could be used to try out surgeries or analyze facial features, and testing drugs on digital cancers. The eventual goal is to create digital versions of our bodies—computer copies that could help researchers and doctors figure out our risk of developing various diseases and determine which treatments might work best. Find out how the models could lead to better surgeries and drugs. —Jessica Hamzelou 经过数十年的研究，人体器官的虚拟复制品现已进入临床试验，甚至开始用于患者护理。工程师们正在开发人类心脏、大脑、肠道、肝脏、神经系统等的数字孪生体。他们还在创建人脸的虚拟复制品，用于模拟手术或分析面部特征，并在数字化的癌症模型上测试药物。最终目标是创建我们身体的数字版本——这些计算机副本可以帮助研究人员和医生确定我们患各种疾病的风险，并确定哪种治疗方案最有效。了解这些模型如何带来更好的手术和药物。——Jessica Hamzelou