US sanctions force The Netherlands off Microsoft and toward alternative NixOS

美国制裁迫使荷兰弃用微软，转向替代方案 NixOS

When the U.S. government imposed sanctions on the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague, Netherlands, it also meant that its chief prosecutor lost access to Microsoft services, including email. It was then that the Dutch government decided that it was time to make plans that would reduce its reliance on software and services that were made or based in the United States. The result of that decision was DAWO, or Digitaal Autonome Werkomgeving Overheid (Digital Autonomous Work Environment for Government in English). And work is underway to bring it to fruition.

当美国政府对位于荷兰海牙的国际刑事法院（ICC）实施制裁时，这也意味着该院首席检察官失去了对包括电子邮件在内的微软服务的访问权限。正是在那时，荷兰政府决定是时候制定计划，以减少对美国制造或基于美国软件和服务的依赖。这一决定的产物就是 DAWO，即“政府数字自主工作环境”（Digitaal Autonome Werkomgeving Overheid）。目前，相关工作正在推进中。

As Tweakers reports, via It’s FOSS, the program was aimed at refreshing the technologies used by the Dutch government in such a way that it would no longer be in a situation where it could lose access to critical systems at the whim of a foreign country. From operating systems to office software and cloud services, a new system had to be devised and rolled out.

据 Tweakers 通过 It’s FOSS 报道，该计划旨在更新荷兰政府使用的技术，使其不再处于可能因外国政府的一时兴起而失去关键系统访问权限的境地。从操作系统到办公软件和云服务，一套全新的系统必须被设计并推广开来。

That system is built around NixOS, with three service providers tasked with the job. While SSC-ICT, DICTU, and DUO-ICT were the three chosen, the whole thing is overseen by the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations.

该系统围绕 NixOS 构建，并由三家服务提供商负责实施。虽然 SSC-ICT、DICTU 和 DUO-ICT 是被选中的三家机构，但整个项目由荷兰内政与王国关系部负责监督。

From a technical point of view, the use of NixOS was a key one. Its use of the Nix package manager means that each package is installed in its own directory with immutable and signed contents. That alone means that the setup is incredibly easy to reproduce across multiple machines, something that is an obvious benefit when dealing with different facets of a government. It’s been suggested that up to 90% of a configuration can be carried over from one deployment to another. And as a bonus, NixOS can also run on computers that Windows 11 would usually balk at.

从技术角度来看，使用 NixOS 是关键所在。它对 Nix 包管理器的使用意味着每个软件包都安装在各自的目录中，且内容是不可变且经过签名的。仅这一点就意味着该设置在多台机器上极易复制，这在处理政府的不同部门时具有明显的优势。据称，高达 90% 的配置可以从一个部署迁移到另一个部署。此外，NixOS 还能在通常无法运行 Windows 11 的旧电脑上运行，这是一个额外的好处。

While the switch from Microsoft software and services to brand-new alternatives is a long and complicated process, steps are very much being made in the right direction. Eight municipalities are running trial programs right now, with the first stable version of the platform expected to be ready by the end of 2027.

虽然从微软软件和服务转向全新的替代方案是一个漫长而复杂的过程，但目前正朝着正确的方向迈进。目前有八个城市正在运行试点项目，预计该平台的第一个稳定版本将于 2027 年底准备就绪。

The Netherlands is far from the only European country to be concerned about the ability of the United States’ government to cut off access to software and services. Germany has already jumped ship from Microsoft-based systems, while Denmark and France are also in the process of a similar rethinking of their tech stacks as the one carried out by the Dutch.

荷兰绝非唯一一个担心美国政府有能力切断软件和服务访问权限的欧洲国家。德国已经放弃了基于微软的系统，而丹麦和法国也正在进行类似的科技栈重构，正如荷兰所做的那样。