500k facial scans at UK stations yield no arrests, 1 false positive
500k facial scans at UK stations yield no arrests, 1 false positive
英国火车站 50万次人脸扫描：零逮捕，仅 1 例误报
More than half a million faces were scanned in some of the capital’s busiest transport hubs during the trial. A six-month trial of live facial recognition (LFR) technology in London’s railway stations that cost more than £320,000 and almost 100 hours of police officers’ time led to one false match against a watchlist of suspects and no arrests.
在伦敦火车站进行的一项为期六个月的实时人脸识别（LFR）技术试验中，耗资超过 32 万英镑，动用了近 100 小时的警力，结果仅产生了一次针对嫌疑人名单的错误匹配，且未实现任何逮捕。
More than half a million faces were scanned between February and July this year in some of the capital’s busiest transport hubs during the British Transport Police (BTP) trial of the surveillance technology, which aimed to help catch offenders and people breaching court orders.
今年 2 月至 7 月期间，英国交通警察局（BTP）在伦敦一些最繁忙的交通枢纽对该监控技术进行了试验，扫描了超过 50 万张人脸，旨在协助抓捕罪犯及违反法院禁令的人员。
A freedom of information document obtained by Liberty Investigates and shared with the Guardian shows that equipment hire and police staffing for the 18 deployments across the trial cost £320,786 and led to only one alert on a watchlist, which turned out to be an incorrect identification, also known as a false positive.
“Liberty Investigates”组织通过信息自由法案获取并与《卫报》分享的文件显示，在试验期间进行的 18 次部署中，设备租赁和警力配备共耗资 320,786 英镑，但仅触发了一次名单预警，且最终被证实为错误识别，即所谓的“误报”。
Last month BTP announced it was extending the trial for a further four months and expanding the deployments to include London Underground stations. British Transport Police said that since the extension there had been three positive confirmed alerts of people who were subsequently confirmed to be complying with sexual harm prevention orders or other imposed court conditions.
上个月，英国交通警察局宣布将试验延长四个月，并将部署范围扩大至伦敦地铁站。警方表示，自延期以来，已确认了三起有效预警，相关人员随后被证实正在遵守性伤害预防令或其他法院施加的条件。
When Transport for London announced its support for the extension of the trial, it said LFR technology “will target and identify people on police watchlists at key stations chosen for maximum impact” and would “specifically tackle violence against women and girls, whose travel behaviours are shaped by experiences of sexual harassment and sexual offences”.
伦敦交通局在宣布支持延长试验时表示，LFR 技术“将针对并识别在关键车站被列入警方名单的人员，以实现最大影响”，并将“专门打击针对妇女和女童的暴力行为，她们的出行习惯往往受到性骚扰和性犯罪经历的影响”。
Fraser Sampson, a former biometrics and surveillance camera commissioner for the UK, said the police needed to show that the use of the technology was proportionate. “There are many variables and all need to align: the choice of location, times of day, make up of the watchlist and likelihood of people being present and many more.”
英国前生物识别与监控摄像头专员弗雷泽·桑普森（Fraser Sampson）表示，警方需要证明该技术的使用是适度的。“这里有很多变量，所有因素都需要协调一致：地点的选择、时间段、名单的构成以及人员出现的可能性等等。”
Sampson, who is now a non-executive director of Facewatch, a company that operates facial recognition systems in shops, added: “We know the technology works, but using it in supermarkets to deter shoplifters and prevent attacks on staff is very different from deploying it to catch people on a public transport network. Success in a shop means no such people coming in. Success for the police trying to catch people means people being caught. In that respect the trial doesn’t appear to have been very fruitful.”
目前担任 Facewatch（一家在商店运营人脸识别系统的公司）非执行董事的桑普森补充道：“我们知道这项技术有效，但在超市中使用它来震慑扒手和防止员工遇袭，与在公共交通网络中部署它来抓人是完全不同的。在商店里，成功意味着这些人不会进来；而警方抓人的成功则意味着人被抓到了。从这个角度来看，这次试验似乎并不太成功。”
“Everything depends on the police watchlists; if you’re not on a watchlist, the live FRT cameras do not ‘see’ you and they don’t retain your image in the same way as CCTV cameras. However, they are processing special category personal data and the technology must be used in a way that is appropriate, proportionate and necessary. It’s for the police to show how any deployment meets those criteria and – as the ICO [Information Commissioner’s Office] has recently reported – for their oversight boards to hold them firmly to account in doing so.”
“一切都取决于警方的名单；如果你不在名单上，实时人脸识别摄像头就不会‘看到’你，它们也不会像闭路电视（CCTV）那样保留你的图像。然而，它们正在处理特殊类别的个人数据，技术的使用必须是适当、适度且必要的。警方有责任证明任何部署如何符合这些标准，正如信息专员办公室（ICO）最近所报告的那样，他们的监督委员会必须在执行过程中严格追究其责任。”
More than half of police forces in England and Wales have now deployed LFR on British streets, according to an analysis by Liberty Investigates. The Metropolitan police and London mayor’s office announced this summer that fixed LFR cameras would be installed in the capital’s West End. Sadiq Khan, the mayor of London, has since confirmed the technology will be used on the newly pedestrianised Oxford Street.
根据“Liberty Investigates”的分析，英格兰和威尔士超过半数的警察部队目前已在英国街头部署了实时人脸识别技术。伦敦警察厅和伦敦市长办公室今年夏天宣布，将在伦敦西区安装固定式实时人脸识别摄像头。伦敦市长萨迪克·汗（Sadiq Khan）随后证实，该技术将用于新近改为步行街的牛津街。
A recent report from parliament’s joint committee on human rights, which called on the government to introduce a law to address the threat of artificial intelligence to human rights, identified the rollout of live facial recognition technology as a “particularly clear example of risk”.
议会人权联合委员会最近的一份报告呼吁政府出台法律以应对人工智能对人权的威胁，并将实时人脸识别技术的推广列为“风险的一个特别明显的例子”。
Bell Ribeiro-Addy, the Labour MP for Clapham and Brixton Hill, said: “Live facial recognition technologies are a serious invasion of our privacy. The government should be suspending their rollout until there are stronger safeguards in place, including a proper legal framework.”
克拉珀姆和布里克斯顿山选区的工党议员贝尔·里贝罗-阿迪（Bell Ribeiro-Addy）表示：“实时人脸识别技术是对我们隐私的严重侵犯。政府应该暂停其推广，直到有更强有力的保障措施到位，包括建立完善的法律框架。”
A BTP spokesperson said it had launched the LFR pilot “to understand how the technology could most effectively support the identification of wanted offenders and individuals who may pose a risk to passengers and staff”.
英国交通警察局发言人表示，启动 LFR 试点是为了“了解该技术如何最有效地支持识别通缉犯以及可能对乘客和员工构成风险的个人”。
They added: “During these deployments, officers have made a number of associated arrests, including for assault, theft, possession of an offensive weapon, breach of a criminal behaviour order and public order offences, as well as locating individuals wanted by the courts and other police forces. As these arrests did not result directly from an LFR alert, they are not included within LFR performance data.”
他们补充道：“在这些部署期间，警员进行了多次相关逮捕，包括袭击、盗窃、持有攻击性武器、违反刑事行为令及公共秩序犯罪，并定位了法院和其他警察部队通缉的人员。由于这些逮捕并非直接由 LFR 预警导致，因此它们未被计入 LFR 的绩效数据中。”
“Throughout the pilot, we have continued to refine how the capability is deployed within the railway environment. This has included developments to deployment locations, operating procedures, equipment and watchlist construction. A particularly important point is that watchlist growth has been deliberate, controlled and aligned to BTP policy. We began with a more limited watchlist whilst ensuring data quality, governance and safeguarding arrangements were robust.”
“在整个试点过程中，我们不断改进该能力在铁路环境中的部署方式。这包括对部署地点、操作程序、设备和名单构建的优化。一个特别重要的点是，名单的增长是经过深思熟虑、受控且符合 BTP 政策的。我们从一个更有限的名单开始，同时确保数据质量、治理和保障安排是稳健的。”