Black Sea drone attacks enter NATO country's territorial waters for first time

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Russian drones are suspected of sinking a cargo ship and leaving chemical tankers ablaze near the Black Sea coasts of Bulgaria and Romania, respectively. The latest attacks mean that at least seven ships have been attacked in the exclusive economic zones of NATO member countries—and even within Romania’s territorial waters if Russian involvement is confirmed in the case of the chemical tankers.

据推测，俄罗斯无人机在保加利亚和罗马尼亚的黑海沿岸分别击沉了一艘货船，并导致多艘化学品运输船起火。这些最新袭击意味着，至少有七艘船只在北约成员国的专属经济区内遭到袭击；如果俄罗斯参与化学品运输船袭击事件的说法得到证实，那么袭击甚至发生在罗马尼亚的领海内。

Such attacks have spurred requests for NATO to redeploy counter-drone systems to provide more protection. In a social media post on October 15, NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte stated that NATO had increased “counter-drone capabilities” along the alliance’s eastern flank after meeting with the leaders of Bulgaria and Romania.

此类袭击促使各方要求北约重新部署反无人机系统以提供更多保护。10月15日，北约秘书长马克·吕特在社交媒体上发文称，在与保加利亚和罗马尼亚领导人会晤后，北约已加强了沿联盟东翼的“反无人机能力”。

The latest attacks this week occurred within 24 hours between October 14 and October 15, when the two chemical tankers were set afire after Russian drones were detected in Romanian airspace, according to Deutsche Welle. Both ships were sitting at anchor near the mouth of the Sulina canal that connects the Black Sea to the Danube River, which has become a crucial shipping export route for Ukraine, Reuters reported.

据德国之声报道，本周的最新袭击发生在10月14日至15日的24小时内，当时在罗马尼亚领空发现俄罗斯无人机后，两艘化学品运输船起火。据路透社报道，这两艘船当时正停泊在连接黑海与多瑙河的苏利纳运河口附近，该运河已成为乌克兰重要的航运出口路线。

The Comoros-flagged chemical tanker Yara J was struck within Romania’s territorial waters. All crew members were rescued and accounted for. However, Romanian authorities are still searching for seven missing sailors after rescuing five people from the San Marino-flagged tanker Wine Trader, according to Reuters. This second tanker was struck while sitting just one mile outside Romanian territorial waters.

悬挂科摩罗旗帜的化学品运输船“Yara J”号在罗马尼亚领海内遭到袭击。所有船员均已获救并确认安全。然而，据路透社报道，在从悬挂圣马力诺旗帜的“Wine Trader”号油轮上救出五人后，罗马尼亚当局仍在搜寻七名失踪船员。这第二艘油轮是在距离罗马尼亚领海仅一英里的地方遭到袭击的。

Reuters cited an anonymous NATO source as attributing the drone attacks to Russia. A NATO statement also described a Marshall Islands-flagged bulk carrier named Sea Destiny as also having been targeted inside Romanian waters overnight, along with a Tanzanian-flagged tanker named Dania J coming under attack in the Danube port city of Izmail in Ukraine. But there were no immediate details about damage or casualties.

路透社援引一位不愿透露姓名的北约消息人士的话称，这些无人机袭击归咎于俄罗斯。北约的一份声明还称，一艘悬挂马绍尔群岛旗帜的散货船“Sea Destiny”号当晚在罗马尼亚水域内也成为目标，同时一艘悬挂坦桑尼亚旗帜的油轮“Dania J”号在乌克兰多瑙河港口城市伊兹梅尔遭到袭击。但目前尚无关于损失或伤亡的详细信息。

This comes just days after suspected Russian drone attacks sank a cargo ship and forced the evacuation of another vessel within two dozen miles of the coast of Bulgaria in the Black Sea on October 13. Those attacks occurred within Bulgaria’s exclusive economic zone. One of the cargo ships that came under attack was the Ukrainian-operated coastal freighter Chelsea 3, registered under the flag of Malta.

就在几天前，10月13日，在距离保加利亚黑海海岸不到24英里的地方，疑似俄罗斯的无人机袭击导致一艘货船沉没，并迫使另一艘船只撤离。这些袭击发生在保加利亚的专属经济区内。其中一艘遭到袭击的货船是悬挂马耳他旗帜、由乌克兰运营的沿海货船“Chelsea 3”号。

Bulgarian Prime Minister Rumen Radev told the Russian ambassador in Sofia that “it makes no sense for Ukraine to destroy its own ships in the Black Sea, and the results of these strikes favor Russia’s interests,” according to The Associated Press. All 15 members of the Ukrainian-owned Chelsea 3 were safely evacuated by Bulgarian rescue operations after the ship was reportedly struck by three aerial drones.

据美联社报道，保加利亚总理鲁门·拉德夫告诉俄罗斯驻索非亚大使：“乌克兰没有理由在黑海摧毁自己的船只，而这些袭击的结果符合俄罗斯的利益。”据报道，在“Chelsea 3”号被三架无人机击中后，保加利亚救援行动安全撤离了该船上全部15名乌克兰籍船员。

But authorities were still searching for 11 missing crew members of the Guinea-Bissau-flagged cargo ship Dignity, which sank after coming under attack, The Associated Press reported. Five mariners were initially rescued from that ship.

但据美联社报道，当局仍在搜寻悬挂几内亚比绍旗帜的“Dignity”号货船的11名失踪船员，该船在遭到袭击后沉没。最初有五名海员从该船获救。

Pattern of attacks and countermeasures: These incidents mark the latest in a growing series of unprecedented attacks on Black Sea shipping in the exclusive economic zones of NATO countries. One week earlier, aerial and sea drones sank the Togo-flagged cargo ship Alfa Watan and left the Palau-flagged cargo ship Able afire about 80 miles (128 kilometers) off the coast of Bulgaria on October 6.

袭击模式与对策：这些事件标志着北约国家专属经济区内针对黑海航运的一系列前所未有的袭击事件愈演愈烈。一周前，即10月6日，空中和海上无人机在距离保加利亚海岸约80英里（128公里）处击沉了悬挂多哥旗帜的“Alfa Watan”号货船，并导致悬挂帕劳旗帜的“Able”号货船起火。

The 18 crew members of the Able were rescued—two required hospitalization—but the 10-member crew of the Alfa Watan has been presumed dead after rescuers failed to find any survivors. Such incidents first began when the Turkish-owned cargo ship Royad Mammadov came under drone attack and eventually sank near Romania’s Black Sea coast on October 5. All 11 crew members were rescued.

“Able”号上的18名船员获救（其中两人需要住院治疗），但由于救援人员未能找到任何幸存者，“Alfa Watan”号上的10名船员被推定死亡。此类事件始于10月5日，当时土耳其拥有的“Royad Mammadov”号货船遭到无人机袭击，最终在罗马尼亚黑海沿岸沉没。全部11名船员获救。

In response to the attacks, Bulgaria has stepped up cooperation with affected NATO member countries and the alliance as a whole. On October 14, Bulgarian Defense Minister Dimitar Stoyanov told the national parliament that the country would join NATO’s Drone Edge initiative that includes member countries committing a total of $40 billion toward developing more counter-drone capabilities over the next five years, according to independent news publication The Sofia Globe.

为应对这些袭击，保加利亚加强了与受影响的北约成员国及整个联盟的合作。据独立新闻刊物《索非亚环球报》报道，10月14日，保加利亚国防部长迪米塔尔·斯托扬诺夫告诉国民议会，该国将加入北约的“无人机边缘”（Drone Edge）倡议，该倡议包括成员国承诺在未来五年内总共投入400亿美元，用于开发更多的反无人机能力。

NATO officials began examining the possibility of moving existing anti-drone countermeasures to the region after receiving requests from Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey, diplomats told Politico. The three countries are also cooperating on an initiative to safeguard freedom of navigation in the Black Sea, which Bulgaria Prime Minister Radev plans to present to the European Union this week.

外交官告诉《政治报》，在收到保加利亚、罗马尼亚和土耳其的请求后，北约官员开始研究将现有的反无人机对策转移到该地区的可能性。这三个国家还在合作开展一项旨在维护黑海航行自由的倡议，保加利亚总理拉德夫计划于本周向欧盟提交该倡议。

Black Sea restrictions and warfare: Naval forces from NATO countries have avoided military exercises in the Black Sea since Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, in accordance with the 1936 Montreux Convention that grants Turkey authority to restrict passage of ships through the straits leading into the Black Sea. This Turkish enforcement has also prevented Russia from reinforcing or rotating its Black Sea fleet during the war.

黑海限制与战争：自2022年俄罗斯对乌克兰发动全面入侵以来，北约国家的武装部队已避免在黑海进行军事演习，这符合1936年《蒙特勒公约》，该公约授予土耳其限制船只通过通往黑海海峡的权力。土耳其的这一执法行动也阻止了俄罗斯在战争期间加强或轮换其黑海舰队。

Despite lacking much of a conventional navy, Ukraine has managed to largely neutralize Russia’s warships and disrupt Russian-linked shipping and ports by using aerial and sea drones. But Russia has countered with its own drone attacks on Ukrainian ports and vessels, along with sometimes targeting ships from other countries in the region.

尽管缺乏强大的常规海军，但乌克兰通过使用空中和海上无人机，已成功在很大程度上抵消了俄罗斯的军舰，并扰乱了与俄罗斯有关的航运和港口。但俄罗斯也以其自身的无人机袭击作为回击，针对乌克兰的港口和船只，有时还针对该地区的其他国家船只。

Since the fall of 2023, Ukrainian ships have typically stuck to sea lanes running through Romanian, Bulgarian, or Turkish territorial waters in the Black Sea, according to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Such Black Sea shipping is especially crucial for Ukraine’s agricultural exports of grain, accounting for well over 90 percent. The recent spate of probable Russian attacks in the Blac

据卡内基国际和平基金会称，自2023年秋季以来，乌克兰船只通常坚持在穿过罗马尼亚、保加利亚或土耳其黑海领海的航线上航行。这种黑海航运对于乌克兰的农产品谷物出口尤为关键，占其出口总量的90%以上。近期在黑海发生的一系列疑似俄罗斯袭击事件……