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Sexual Assault Is a Free Speech Issue

Save this storySave this storyIt is a testament to the deeply misogynistic nature of social media that, shortly after the horrifying sexual misconduct allegations against seven Cornell frat members made news last month, people on the internet immediately started trying to dox the victim.

社交媒体深刻的厌女本质得到了印证：上个月，关于七名康奈尔大学兄弟会成员性行为不端的骇人听闻的指控曝光后，互联网上的人们立即开始试图人肉搜索受害者。

Over the past few weeks, right-wing provocateurs and random troll accounts alike have attempted to publicly identify Jane Doe, the anonymous former Cornell student who accused seven Chi Phi fraternity members of sexually assaulting her in 2024. The drive to publicize her name and other personal details is stomach-turning—but according to Mary Anne Franks, in the context of the history of social media and sexual assault, it’s all too common.

在过去的几周里，右翼煽动者和各种网络喷子账号试图公开“简·多伊”（Jane Doe）的身份，这位匿名的康奈尔大学前学生指控七名Chi Phi兄弟会成员在2024年对她实施了性侵。这种公开她姓名及其他个人信息的行为令人作呕，但玛丽·安妮·弗兰克斯（Mary Anne Franks）认为，在社交媒体和性侵犯的历史背景下，这种情况太常见了。

Franks is a professor at George Washington University Law School specializing in the intersection of civil rights, free speech, and technology. She is also the president and legislative tech policy director at the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative, where she has spent years fighting online abuse and image-based sexual abuse. For decades, Franks has had a front-row seat to the myriad ways in which men on the internet have been abusive toward women, as well as some of the constitutional arguments invoked by independent commentator Michael Tracey, who has argued that his doxing of Jane Doe is legal under the First Amendment.

弗兰克斯是乔治华盛顿大学法学院的教授，专门研究民权、言论自由和技术之间的交叉领域。她还是网络民权倡议组织（CCRI）的主席兼立法技术政策主任，多年来一直致力于打击网络虐待和基于图像的性虐待。几十年来，弗兰克斯亲眼目睹了互联网上的男性虐待女性的各种方式，也见证了独立评论员迈克尔·特雷西（Michael Tracey）所援引的一些宪法论点，后者声称他对比“简·多伊”的人肉搜索在第一修正案下是合法的。

“When you have a cultural fetishization of an abstract notion of free speech, one thing that it does is it disembodies a conversation,” Franks says. “Somehow physical safety becomes oppositional to this supreme value of speech.”

“当你对抽象的言论自由概念产生文化上的恋物癖时，它会使对话脱离现实，”弗兰克斯说。“不知何故，人身安全竟然与这种至高无上的言论价值对立起来了。”

With her work at the CCRI, as well as her history advocating for legislation criminalizing nonconsensual intimate images in all 50 US states, Franks hopes to reframe the conversation by making clear that “sexual abuse is a free speech issue. It silences people, and when we allow sexual abuse to happen with impunity, we are essentially saying, ‘We do not care about women’s voices.’”

通过在CCRI的工作，以及她此前在全美50个州推动将非自愿亲密图像定罪的立法经历，弗兰克斯希望通过明确“性虐待是一个言论自由问题”来重构对话。她说：“它让人们噤声，当我们允许性虐待逍遥法外时，我们本质上是在说：‘我们不在乎女性的声音。’”

I spoke to Franks as the Cornell story was rippling through social media. During our discussion, we discussed the doxing of Jane Doe, the “Elon Muskification” of the internet, the terrifying world of the far-right “burnerverse,” and Cornell’s troubling history of looking the other way when it comes to the abuse and objectification of women. Check it out below.

当康奈尔大学的故事在社交媒体上发酵时，我采访了弗兰克斯。在讨论中，我们谈到了对“简·多伊”的人肉搜索、互联网的“埃隆·马斯克化”、极右翼“小号世界”（burnerverse）的恐怖，以及康奈尔大学在面对女性受虐待和被物化时选择视而不见的令人不安的历史。请看下文。

This interview has been edited for length and clarity. EJ DICKSON: Mary Anne Franks, thank you so much for being here. MARY ANNE FRANKS: Thanks so much for having me on.

本次采访为篇幅和清晰度进行了编辑。EJ·迪克森（EJ DICKSON）：玛丽·安妮·弗兰克斯，非常感谢你能来。玛丽·安妮·弗兰克斯：非常感谢邀请我参加。

So, I first started hearing the term “revenge porn” in 2011 or 2012. Obviously, technology and how we talk about it has evolved a ton since then. So for listeners who aren’t plugged into the work you do, I’m guessing terminology like image-based abuse or deepfake sexual abuse can seem sterile or maybe just confusing. Can you walk me through the evolution of these terms? Why is it better to be so formal about how we label them?

我第一次听到“复仇色情”（revenge porn）这个词是在2011年或2012年。显然，从那时起，技术以及我们谈论它的方式已经发生了巨大的变化。对于那些不了解你工作的听众来说，我想“基于图像的虐待”或“深度伪造性虐待”这样的术语可能显得生硬，甚至令人困惑。你能为我梳理一下这些术语的演变吗？为什么在标签化它们时使用更正式的术语会更好？

One of the hardest things about trying to talk about these issues is figuring out the right names for them. So we think about the term “revenge porn,” which was used widely by, for lack of a better word, the perpetrators of this. It’s the kind of term that is very evocative, and people mostly know what you mean when you say that. But the troubling aspect of it was that it did seem to be the name that abusers were giving this conduct.

试图讨论这些问题时，最困难的事情之一就是为它们找到合适的名称。我们考虑“复仇色情”这个词，它被——找不到更好的词了——这种行为的施暴者广泛使用。这是一个非常形象的词，人们大多知道你指什么。但令人不安的是，这似乎正是施暴者给这种行为起的名称。

Revenge suggests that there’s something that was done wrong by the victim. The term “porn” was really difficult for a lot of people because they thought of porn as being something consensual as opposed to nonconsensual. But it is an ongoing struggle because it is really difficult to communicate what we’re talking about clearly without falling into one of these pitfalls of either sounding as though we are blaming victims or sounding as though this is more trivial than it is in reality.

“复仇”暗示受害者做错了什么。“色情”这个词对很多人来说真的很棘手，因为他们认为色情是自愿的，而不是非自愿的。但这确实是一场持续的斗争，因为如果不陷入“听起来像是在指责受害者”或“听起来比实际情况更琐碎”的陷阱，就很难清楚地传达我们正在讨论的内容。

Right. And the word “porn” kind of has functioned historically as a shorthand, but that’s also kind of unfair to people who make consensual porn, right?

没错。“色情”这个词在历史上确实起到了一种速记的作用，但这对于制作自愿色情内容的人来说也是不公平的，对吧？

This is why, when we originally landed on the term nonconsensual pornography, what we were trying to emphasize was that pornography itself is not a moral judgment, but this is a nonconsensual version of that. I often think about the best term as being the one that the audience that I’m talking to is most likely to recognize quickly and understand.

这就是为什么当我们最初确定“非自愿色情”这个术语时，我们试图强调的是，色情本身不是一种道德判断，但这是一种非自愿的版本。我经常认为最好的术语是我的听众最容易快速识别和理解的那个。

So for the purposes of what we’re about to talk about today, what are some good terms to establish here? Image-based sexual abuse is a good term. The way we talk about it at CCRI, the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative, is anytime you have a failure of consent at any level of sexual expression or conduct, that’s a problem.

那么，为了我们今天即将讨论的内容，有哪些好的术语可以确立呢？“基于图像的性虐待”是一个很好的术语。我们在网络民权倡议组织（CCRI）讨论它的方式是：任何时候，只要在任何层面的性表达或行为中出现同意缺失，那就是一个问题。

So we’re worried about lack of consent to the actual sexual activity. That’s one. Then there’s lack of consent to being recorded engaging in a sexual activity. Then there’s lack of consent to having that recording distributed, and there is, of course, lack of consent to being manipulated in an image or a video, making it seem as though you were doing something that you were not.

我们担心的是对实际性行为缺乏同意，这是一种。其次是对在进行性行为时被录制缺乏同意。然后是对该录像被传播缺乏同意，当然，还有对在图像或视频中被操纵、使人看起来好像在做你并未做过的事情缺乏同意。

So we can think about all of those kinds of abuses happening. Sometimes more than one happens at a time. Sometimes we’re talking about recorded sexual assaults that are distributed. Sometimes we’re talking about consensual encounters that were recorded without consent. Sometimes we’re talking about consensual sexual activity that is recorded with consent but was not distributed with consent.

所以我们可以想到所有这些类型的虐待正在发生。有时不止一种同时发生。有时我们谈论的是被传播的性侵录像。有时我们谈论的是在未经同意的情况下录制的自愿性行为。有时我们谈论的是在同意下录制但未经同意被传播的自愿性行为。

So last month a former student from Cornell University filed a lawsuit alleging that in 2024, seven members of a school fraternity raped and assaulted her repeatedly over the course of seven hours inside of their frat house. Of course, that story’s everywhere now. It sparked a national discussion about consent, accountability, and safety, and rightfully so. What I’d really like to focus on here, though, is the chunk of Jane Doe’s lawsuit that takes place online. Basically, she says that early that night in 2024, one of the men who raped her also post

上个月，一名康奈尔大学的前学生提起诉讼，称2024年，该校兄弟会的七名成员在他们的兄弟会会所内，在七个小时的时间里反复强奸并侵犯了她。当然，这个故事现在到处都是。它引发了全国关于同意、问责和安全的讨论，这是理所应当的。然而，我在这里真正想关注的是“简·多伊”诉讼中发生在线上的那部分。基本上，她说在2024年那天晚上早些时候，强奸她的其中一名男子还发布了……